Showing posts with label Racing. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Racing. Show all posts

Sunday, May 13, 2012

Mobil 1 98JA11 Racing 4T 10W-40 Motorcycle Oil for Sport Bikes - 1 Quart (Case of 6)

Mobil 1 98JA11 Racing 4T 10W-40 Motorcycle Oil for Sport Bikes - 1 Quart (Case of 6) Review



Mobil 1 98JA11 Racing 4T 10W-40 Motorcycle Oil for Sport Bikes - 1 Quart (Case of 6) Feature

  • For use in on-road, off-road and competition four-stroke motorcycles
  • Provides maximum power and long life
  • High output by helping to keep engines clean
  • Optimized for high-temperature durability
  • Superb engine, clutch and transmission protection

Motor oil is made from crude oil and is used to lubricate, clean, and cool engines. Types of motor oil include conventional, synthetic, diesel, bio-based, hybrid (blends of conventional and synthetic), and recycled oils. Motor oil varies in weight and viscosity, as well as additives that some manufacturers add to the oil during the refining process. A numerical code system created by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) grades motor oils according to viscosity--the higher the number between 0 and 60, the more viscous (thicker) the oil is. Most consumer motor oils are graded by two numbers, with the first number indicating cold weather (Winter or "W") performance.

SAE 10W-40

This oil has a weight of SAE 10W-40, meaning it has an SAE viscosity rating of 10 in cold temperatures and a rating of 40 at normal operating temperature. Always check your vehicle's owner's manual to verify that this is the correct weight of motor oil for your vehicle.

Conventional Motor Oil

This oil is a conventional motor oil, meaning it is refined from crude oil or petroleum products. Conventional motor oils may or may not have additives included after refining. Conventional motor oils are more versatile than synthetic or hybrid motor oils, because they are suitable for use with nearly all types of modern vehicle engines, from cars and trucks to motorcycles, ATVs, farm equipment, and more.

Racing Oil

Racing oils are designed for track cars and other types of high-compression vehicles intended for motorsports competition. They contain particular additives for increased engine horsepower and reduced friction on metal parts, and provide special protection for engines with high compression or higher horsepower. Racing oils usually include fewer detergents than regular conventional motor oils.

Please note that many, if not all, oils labelled as racing oils are not street legal, and it is not recommended to put racing oil in a conventional passenger vehicle. Make sure to double-check the product label as well as the specifications of your vehicle to ensure proper usage.

Mobil 1 motorcycle oils are specifically formulated to help keep motorcycle engines in peak condition for maximum power and long life. Two specially engineered formulas deliver maximum levels of protection, even in extreme riding conditions. These specific formulations are designed to help prolong the life of vital engine parts and transmissions for cruisers and sport bikes. Mobil 1 Racing 4T is for use in on-road, off-road and competition four-stroke motorcycles. Its unique formulation is engineered to help provide high output by helping keep engines clean, optimized for high-temperature durability during long rides or short races and designed for superb engine, clutch and transmission protection. See Mobil 1 V-Twin 20W-50 Motorcycle Oil formulated for Cruisers.


Tuesday, May 1, 2012

Valvoline VV205 VR1 Racing Formula SAE 10W-30 Turbo Approved Motor Oil - 1 Quart (Case of 12)

Valvoline VV205 VR1 Racing Formula SAE 10W-30 Turbo Approved Motor Oil - 1 Quart (Case of 12) Review



Valvoline VV205 VR1 Racing Formula SAE 10W-30 Turbo Approved Motor Oil - 1 Quart (Case of 12) Feature

  • High performance and protection for today's engines that run at high RPM
  • New ashless anti-wear additives combined with ZDDP provide ultimate wear protection
  • Enhanced anti-foam system helps protect the engine even during extreme stress
  • Enhanced additives protect against high-temperature deposits for a cleaner engine
  • Friction modifiers help improve horsepower output

Motor oil is made from crude oil and is used to lubricate, clean, and cool engines. Types of motor oil include conventional, synthetic, diesel, bio-based, hybrid (blends of conventional and synthetic), and recycled oils. Motor oil varies in weight and viscosity, as well as additives that some manufacturers add to the oil during the refining process. A numerical code system created by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) grades motor oils according to viscosity--the higher the number between 0 and 60, the more viscous (thicker) the oil is. Most consumer motor oils are graded by two numbers, with the first number indicating cold weather (Winter or "W") performance.

SAE 10W-30

This oil has a weight of SAE 10W-30, meaning it has an SAE viscosity rating of 10 in cold temperatures and a rating of 30 at normal operating temperature. Always check your vehicle's owner's manual to verify that this is the correct weight of motor oil for your vehicle.

Conventional Motor Oil

This oil is a conventional motor oil, meaning it is refined from crude oil or petroleum products. Conventional motor oils may or may not have additives included after refining. Conventional motor oils are more versatile than synthetic or hybrid motor oils, because they are suitable for use with nearly all types of modern vehicle engines, from cars and trucks to motorcycles, ATVs, farm equipment, and more.

Racing Oil

Racing oils are designed for track cars and other types of high-compression vehicles intended for motorsports competition. They contain particular additives for increased engine horsepower and reduced friction on metal parts, and provide special protection for engines with high compression or higher horsepower. Racing oils usually include fewer detergents than regular conventional motor oils.

Please note that many, if not all, oils labelled as racing oils are not street legal, and it is not recommended to put racing oil in a conventional passenger vehicle. Make sure to double-check the product label as well as the specifications of your vehicle to ensure proper usage.

Valvoline's VR1 Motor Oil - The #1 selling racing motor oil and race track proven. VR1 Racing Motor Oil's exclusive chemistry is designed to reduce friction and enhance power. It is among the most popular engine lubricants in all types of racing including CART, stock car and drag racing. It is recommended for engines burning gasoline and full or partial alcohol fuels in track and street service.Have techical questions, please feel free to call our Tech Service # 1-800-TeamVal


Sunday, April 8, 2012

Valvoline VV229 VR1 Racing Formula SAE 40 Turbo Approved Motor Oil - 1 Quart (Case of 12)

Valvoline VV229 VR1 Racing Formula SAE 40 Turbo Approved Motor Oil - 1 Quart (Case of 12) Review



Valvoline VV229 VR1 Racing Formula SAE 40 Turbo Approved Motor Oil - 1 Quart (Case of 12) Feature

  • High performance and protection for today's engines that run at high RPM
  • New ashless anti-wear additives combined with ZDDP provide ultimate wear protection
  • Enhanced anti-foam system helps protect the engine even during extreme stress
  • Enhanced additives protect against high-temperature deposits for a cleaner engine
  • Friction modifiers help improve horsepower output

Motor oil is made from crude oil and is used to lubricate, clean, and cool engines. Types of motor oil include conventional, synthetic, diesel, bio-based, hybrid (blends of conventional and synthetic), and recycled oils. Motor oil varies in weight and viscosity, as well as additives that some manufacturers add to the oil during the refining process. A numerical code system created by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) grades motor oils according to viscosity--the higher the number between 0 and 60, the more viscous (thicker) the oil is. Most consumer motor oils are graded by two numbers, with the first number indicating cold weather (Winter or "W") performance.

SAE 40

This oil has a weight of SAE 40, meaning it has a single SAE viscosity rating of 40 at normal operating temperature. Always check your vehicle's owner's manual to verify that this is the correct weight of motor oil for your vehicle.

Conventional Motor Oil

This oil is a conventional motor oil, meaning it is refined from crude oil or petroleum products. Conventional motor oils may or may not have additives included after refining. Conventional motor oils are more versatile than synthetic or hybrid motor oils, because they are suitable for use with nearly all types of modern vehicle engines, from cars and trucks to motorcycles, ATVs, farm equipment, and more.

Racing Oil

Racing oils are designed for track cars and other types of high-compression vehicles intended for motorsports competition. They contain particular additives for increased engine horsepower and reduced friction on metal parts, and provide special protection for engines with high compression or higher horsepower. Racing oils usually include fewer detergents than regular conventional motor oils.

Please note that many, if not all, oils labelled as racing oils are not street legal, and it is not recommended to put racing oil in a conventional passenger vehicle. Make sure to double-check the product label as well as the specifications of your vehicle to ensure proper usage.

Valvoline's VR1 Motor Oil - The #1 selling racing motor oil and race track proven. VR1 Racing Motor Oil's exclusive chemistry is designed to reduce friction and enhance power. It is among the most popular engine lubricants in all types of racing including CART, stock car and drag racing. It is recommended for engines burning gasoline and full or partial alcohol fuels in track and street service.Have techical questions, please feel free to call our Tech Service # 1-800-TeamVal


Friday, March 23, 2012

Valvoline VV229 VR1 Racing Formula SAE 40 (Turbo Approved) Motor Oil, Pack of Twelve 1 Quart Bottles

Valvoline VV229 VR1 Racing Formula SAE 40 (Turbo Approved) Motor Oil, Pack of Twelve 1 Quart Bottles Review



Valvoline VV229 VR1 Racing Formula SAE 40 (Turbo Approved) Motor Oil, Pack of Twelve 1 Quart Bottles Feature

  • High performance and protection for today's engines that run at high RPM
  • New ashless anti-wear additives combined with ZDDP provide ultimate wear protection
  • Enhanced anti-foam system helps protect the engine even during extreme stress
  • Enhanced additives protect against high-temperature deposits for a cleaner engine
  • Friction modifiers help improve horsepower output

Valvoline VR1 Racing Motor Oil - High Zinc Provides Race-Level Protection for Any Vehicle


Valvoline offers a line of racing motor oils that are designed for the serious racer. Race car engines are operated at high speeds for hours at a time. In order to get optimal performance from your engine, it is important to choose the right racing motor oil.

Racing oils are critical for creating a balance between preventing wear and engine failure while maintaining power and durability. Valvoline racing oils are optimized for track use and engineered to provide you with maximum horsepower while protecting engine parts in extreme racing conditions. Each racing oil product has been engineered with both power and durability in mind. Plus, they are specially formulated with zinc and phosphorus additives to create a protective film that reduces metal-to-metal contact and friction on engine parts.

Valvoline Racing Oil's exclusive chemistry is designed to reduce friction and enhance power. It is among the most popular engine lubricants in all types of racing including paved and dirt ovals, and drag racing. It is formulated for race engines, but compatible with passenger vehicles too.



Frequently Asked Questions About Valvoline VR1 Racing Motor Oil


When did Valvoline start making motor oil specifically for racing?
Racers have been depending on Valvoline for more than 100 years. Valvoline formulated the first racing motor oil in 1965 and Valvoline VR-1 Racing Motor Oil is the best-selling motor oil of all time. It can also be used for today's cars.

What are the benefits to using a racing oil versus a regular "street legal" oil?
The Valvoline VR1 Racing and "Not Street Legal" Racing Oils contain additional additives for increased horsepower and reduced friction on metal parts, provide extra wear protection for high compression/higher horsepower engines, and include less detergents than regular conventional motor oils.

What is zinc?
The anti-wear additive simply referred to as "zinc" by most car enthusiasts is actually short for Zinc DialkylDithiophosphates or ZDDP. Its primary role is to prevent metal-to-metal contact between engine parts by forming a protective film. Despite being referred to as "zinc," this additive actually contains zinc and phosphorus, with phosphorus performing the anti-wear function.

Why have the zinc/phosphorus levels in motor oil changed?
With ever increasing limits on emissions, automobile manufacturers have tightened emission control systems on newer vehicles. This is one of several factors considered when the American Petroleum Institute (API) sets standards for motor oil. The current API standard is "SM" which replaced the previous "SL" classification. Because phosphorus can poison a vehicle's emission system, the level of zinc is lower for current motor oil.

What is the controversy surrounding the amount of zinc in motor oil?
Many hands-on car enthusiasts and engine experts believe the lower levels of zinc in "SM" motor oil is causing excessive wear in older style push-rod and flat tappet engines. This is despite the fact that all new motor oil classifications are intended to be backward compatible. This has resulted in the widely accepted belief that modern motor oil is not adequate to protect older engines.

What solutions does Valvoline offer to the zinc issue?
Valvoline offers two solutions to the zinc issue:

1. Valvoline VR1: Contains 75% higher zinc than SM motor oil with a balanced additive package designed to work in both racing and street-legal applications. This product will protect older style push-rod and flat tappet engines. Valvoline provides this product in both multi and mono viscosity grades: 20w50, straight 50, 10w30, straight 30, straight 40, and straight 60.

2. Longer-Lasting Zinc/Phosphorus: Valvoline uses an advanced zinc/phosphorus additive that keeps higher levels of phosphorus in the motor oil where it protects the engine instead of poisoning the catalytic converter. Valvoline is the only brand offering this unique additive across its entire line of passenger car motor oils including SynPower -- the only synthetic offering this additive.

Which oil has more zinc/ZDDP: VR1 or "Not Street Legal" oil?
Valvoline VR1 Racing Oil contains .13% of Zinc and .12% of Phosphorus compared to the Valvoline "Not Street Legal" Racing Oil which contains .14% of Zinc and .13% of Phosphorus.

Can I use an additive to boost the zinc level?
You can use an additive to increase the zinc level. However, check with your motor oil manufacturer to ensure the additive is compatible with your motor oil.

Is VR1 a conventional oil, a synthetic or a blend?
Valvoline VR1 is a conventional, non-synthetic racing oil.

Valvoline's VR1 Motor Oil - The #1 selling racing motor oil and race track proven. VR1 Racing Motor Oil's exclusive chemistry is designed to reduce friction and enhance power. It is among the most popular engine lubricants in all types of racing including CART, stock car and drag racing. It is recommended for engines burning gasoline and full or partial alcohol fuels in track and street service.Have techical questions, please feel free to call our Tech Service # 1-800-TeamVal


Tuesday, March 6, 2012

Mobil 1 98JA11 Racing 4T 10W-40 Motorcycle Oil for Sport Bikes - 1 Quart, (Pack of 6)

Mobil 1 98JA11 Racing 4T 10W-40 Motorcycle Oil for Sport Bikes - 1 Quart, (Pack of 6) Review



Mobil 1 98JA11 Racing 4T 10W-40 Motorcycle Oil for Sport Bikes - 1 Quart, (Pack of 6) Feature

  • For use in on-road, off-road and competition four-stroke motorcycles
  • Provides maximum power and long life
  • High output by helping to keep engines clean
  • Optimized for high-temperature durability
  • Superb engine, clutch and transmission protection
Mobil 1 motorcycle oils are specifically formulated to help keep motorcycle engines in peak condition for maximum power and long life. Two specially engineered formulas deliver maximum levels of protection, even in extreme riding conditions. These specific formulations are designed to help prolong the life of vital engine parts and transmissions for cruisers and sport bikes. Mobil 1 Racing 4T is for use in on-road, off-road and competition four-stroke motorcycles. Its unique formulation is engineered to help provide high output by helping keep engines clean, optimized for high-temperature durability during long rides or short races and designed for superb engine, clutch and transmission protection. See Mobil 1 V-Twin 20W-50 Motorcycle Oil formulated for Cruisers.


Wednesday, January 4, 2012

Valvoline VV211 VR1 Racing Formula SAE 20W-50 (Turbo Approved) Motor Oil, Pack of Twelve 1 Quart Bottles

Valvoline VV211 VR1 Racing Formula SAE 20W-50 (Turbo Approved) Motor Oil, Pack of Twelve 1 Quart Bottles Review



Valvoline VV211 VR1 Racing Formula SAE 20W-50 (Turbo Approved) Motor Oil, Pack of Twelve 1 Quart Bottles Feature

  • High performance and protection for today's engines that run at high RPM
  • New ashless anti-wear additives combined with ZDDP provide ultimate wear protection
  • Enhanced anti-foam system helps protect the engine even during extreme stress
  • Enhanced additives protect against high-temperature deposits for a cleaner engine
  • Friction modifiers help improve horsepower output

Valvoline VR1 Racing Motor Oil - High Zinc Provides Race-Level Protection for Any Vehicle


Valvoline offers a line of racing motor oils that are designed for the serious racer. Race car engines are operated at high speeds for hours at a time. In order to get optimal performance from your engine, it is important to choose the right racing motor oil.

Racing oils are critical for creating a balance between preventing wear and engine failure while maintaining power and durability. Valvoline racing oils are optimized for track use and engineered to provide you with maximum horsepower while protecting engine parts in extreme racing conditions. Each racing oil product has been engineered with both power and durability in mind. Plus, they are specially formulated with zinc and phosphorus additives to create a protective film that reduces metal-to-metal contact and friction on engine parts.

Valvoline Racing Oil's exclusive chemistry is designed to reduce friction and enhance power. It is among the most popular engine lubricants in all types of racing including paved and dirt ovals, and drag racing. It is formulated for race engines, but compatible with passenger vehicles too.



Frequently Asked Questions About Valvoline VR1 Racing Motor Oil


When did Valvoline start making motor oil specifically for racing?
Racers have been depending on Valvoline for more than 100 years. Valvoline formulated the first racing motor oil in 1965 and Valvoline VR-1 Racing Motor Oil is the best-selling motor oil of all time. It can also be used for today's cars.

What are the benefits to using a racing oil versus a regular "street legal" oil?
The Valvoline VR1 Racing and "Not Street Legal" Racing Oils contain additional additives for increased horsepower and reduced friction on metal parts, provide extra wear protection for high compression/higher horsepower engines, and include less detergents than regular conventional motor oils.

What is zinc?
The anti-wear additive simply referred to as "zinc" by most car enthusiasts is actually short for Zinc DialkylDithiophosphates or ZDDP. Its primary role is to prevent metal-to-metal contact between engine parts by forming a protective film. Despite being referred to as "zinc," this additive actually contains zinc and phosphorus, with phosphorus performing the anti-wear function.

Why have the zinc/phosphorus levels in motor oil changed?
With ever increasing limits on emissions, automobile manufacturers have tightened emission control systems on newer vehicles. This is one of several factors considered when the American Petroleum Institute (API) sets standards for motor oil. The current API standard is "SM" which replaced the previous "SL" classification. Because phosphorus can poison a vehicle's emission system, the level of zinc is lower for current motor oil.

What is the controversy surrounding the amount of zinc in motor oil?
Many hands-on car enthusiasts and engine experts believe the lower levels of zinc in "SM" motor oil is causing excessive wear in older style push-rod and flat tappet engines. This is despite the fact that all new motor oil classifications are intended to be backward compatible. This has resulted in the widely accepted belief that modern motor oil is not adequate to protect older engines.

What solutions does Valvoline offer to the zinc issue?
Valvoline offers two solutions to the zinc issue:

1. Valvoline VR1: Contains 75% higher zinc than SM motor oil with a balanced additive package designed to work in both racing and street-legal applications. This product will protect older style push-rod and flat tappet engines. Valvoline provides this product in both multi and mono viscosity grades: 20w50, straight 50, 10w30, straight 30, straight 40, and straight 60.

2. Longer-Lasting Zinc/Phosphorus: Valvoline uses an advanced zinc/phosphorus additive that keeps higher levels of phosphorus in the motor oil where it protects the engine instead of poisoning the catalytic converter. Valvoline is the only brand offering this unique additive across its entire line of passenger car motor oils including SynPower -- the only synthetic offering this additive.

Which oil has more zinc/ZDDP: VR1 or "Not Street Legal" oil?
Valvoline VR1 Racing Oil contains .13% of Zinc and .12% of Phosphorus compared to the Valvoline "Not Street Legal" Racing Oil which contains .14% of Zinc and .13% of Phosphorus.

Can I use an additive to boost the zinc level?
You can use an additive to increase the zinc level. However, check with your motor oil manufacturer to ensure the additive is compatible with your motor oil.

Is VR1 a conventional oil, a synthetic or a blend?
Valvoline VR1 is a conventional, non-synthetic racing oil.

Valvoline's VR1 Motor Oil - The #1 selling racing motor oil and race track proven. VR1 Racing Motor Oil's exclusive chemistry is designed to reduce friction and enhance power. It is among the most popular engine lubricants in all types of racing including CART, stock car and drag racing. It is recommended for engines burning gasoline and full or partial alcohol fuels in track and street service.Have techical questions, please feel free to call our Tech Service # 1-800-TeamVal


Sunday, December 25, 2011

Joe Gibbs 00007 XP1 5W-20 Synthetic Racing Oil - 1 Quart Bottle, Pack of 12

Joe Gibbs 00007 XP1 5W-20 Synthetic Racing Oil - 1 Quart Bottle, Pack of 12 Review



Joe Gibbs 00007 XP1 5W-20 Synthetic Racing Oil - 1 Quart Bottle, Pack of 12 Feature

  • Case of 12 single 1 quart bottles
  • XP1 reduces friction and fights valve-train wear, especially in flat-tappet engines by utilizing multiple synthetic base oils, and anti-wear and friction reducing additives
  • Ideal for Spec Miata, Formula Ford engines and V8 engines with clearances under 0025
  • Compatible with methanol and high octane race fuels
  • XP1 can be blended with XP0, XP3 or XP6 to create custom viscosities
Joe Gibbs driven racing oils are formulated specifically for racing engines. Today's passenger car motor oils are designed to protect catalytic converters. Joe Gibbs driven oils are designed to protect your camshaft. Federal EPA requirements have led to a reduction in anti-wear chemistries like Zinc, Phosphorus and Sulfur in API rated engine oils. As a result, the oil you buy today is not the same as it was 10 years ago. While this is good for your street car, it is bad news for your racing engine. Racing engines see more RPM and higher loads compared to street engines, so a racing engine requires higher levels of Zinc, Phosphorus, Sulfur and other additives to prevent premature part failure. This is especially true in flat-tappet engines. Joe Gibbs driven racing oil contains all of the correct additives, like Zinc, Phosphorus and Sulfur in addition to the highest quality base oils to protect your engine. The NASCAR championship winning formula protects flat-tappet engines at 9,000 RPM for over 500 miles of competition, and Joe Gibbs oils are used by other championship winning engine builders to conquer the grueling 24 hours of Daytona and the Baja 1000. We offer a variety of oil viscosities to fit various engine builds and operating temps.


Monday, October 31, 2011

Torco A140030C TR-1 SAE 30 Racing Oil Bottle - 1 Liter, (Case of 12)

Torco A140030C TR-1 SAE 30 Racing Oil Bottle - 1 Liter, (Case of 12) Review



Torco A140030C TR-1 SAE 30 Racing Oil Bottle - 1 Liter, (Case of 12) Feature

  • An original MPZ® racing formula
  • Race specific additive technology
  • Superior load carrying and engine protection
  • Excellent ring seal and thermal stability TC A140030C (Torco TR-1 Racing Oil SAE 30)
Torco TR-1 Racing Motor Oil comes from an original series of motor oils called MPZ Racing Oils. MPZ Racing Oils have a long history of accomplishments in many forms of racing dating back to the 50's. TR-1 is simply the next generation of the original chemistries and carries out a tradition of superior performance. TR-1 is a special blend of hydro processed petroleum base stocks, special polymers and proprietary additive systems focused on superior performance and engine protection. TR-1 is a tried and proven race formula that offers excellent thermal stability under extreme RPM and high operating temperatures of modern racing engines. It is an MPZ® fortified formula which provides unequalled anti-friction, anti-wear and minimizes frictional losses for increased power. TR-1 protects against scuffing, galling and metal transfer for longer engine life.Typical Uses Hot rods, classic cars that call for SAE 30, 5w30 or 10w30 racingMeets or Exceeds API performance requirements. Intended for racing applications.


Saturday, October 29, 2011

Torco A140050CE TR-1 SAE 50 Racing Oil Bottle - 1 Liter

Torco A140050CE TR-1 SAE 50 Racing Oil Bottle - 1 Liter Review



Torco A140050CE TR-1 SAE 50 Racing Oil Bottle - 1 Liter Feature

  • An original MPZ® racing formula
  • Race specific additive technology
  • Superior load carrying and engine protection
  • Excellent ring seal and thermal stability TC A140050CE (Torco TR-1 Racing Oil SAE 50)
Torco TR-1 Racing Motor Oil comes from an original series of motor oils called MPZ Racing Oils. MPZ Racing Oils have a long history of accomplishments in many forms of racing dating back to the 50's. TR-1 is simply the next generation of the original chemistries and carries out a tradition of superior performance. TR-1 is a special blend of hydro processed petroleum base stocks, special polymers and proprietary additive systems focused on superior performance and engine protection. TR-1 is a tried and proven race formula that offers excellent thermal stability under extreme RPM and high operating temperatures of modern racing engines. It is an MPZ® fortified formula which provides unequalled anti-friction, anti-wear and minimizes frictional losses for increased power. TR-1 protects against scuffing, galling and metal transfer for longer engine life.Typical Uses Sprint car 360, 410, Drag racing with exotic fuels, high performance marine applications that call for 50 or 20w50Meets or Exceeds API performance requirements. Intended for racing applications.